Forward the Foundation Chapter 1 Free Essays

string(54) back in his seat, and respected Amaryl with a smile. Part I Eto Demerzel DEMERZEL, ETO-†¦ While there is no doubt that Eto Demerzel was the genuine force in the legislature during a great part of the rule of Emperor Cleon I, students of history are isolated with regards to the idea of his standard. The exemplary understanding is that he was another in the long queue of solid and heartless oppressors in the only remaining century of the unified Galactic Empire, yet there are revisionist sees that have surfaced and that demand his was, if a tyranny, a generous one. Much is made, in this view, of his relationship with Hari Seldon however that remaining parts everlastingly dubious, especially during the irregular scene of Laskin Joranum, whose transient ascent †Encyclopedia Galactica [1] 1 â€Å"I think Hari,†** said Yugo Amaryl, â€Å"that your companion Demerzel is in a tough situation. We will compose a custom paper test on Forward the Foundation Chapter 1 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now † He stressed the word â€Å"friend† daintily and with unquestionable quality of aversion. Hari Seldon distinguished the acrid note and disregarded it. He turned upward from his tricomputer and stated, â€Å"I let you know once more, Yugo, that that’s nonsense.† And then-with a hint of irritation, only a follow he included, â€Å"Why are you occupying my time by insisting?† â€Å"Because I think it’s important.† Amaryl plunked down disobediently. It was a signal that showed he was not going to be moved without any problem. Here he was and here he would remain. Eight years prior, he had been a heatsinker in the Dahl Sector-as low on the social scale as it was conceivable to be. He had been lifted out of that position by Seldon-**made into a mathematician and an intelligent person more than that, into a psychohistorian. Never for one moment did he overlook what he had been and who he was presently and to whom he owed the change. That implied that in the event that he needed to talk brutally to Hari Seldon-for Seldon’s own great no thought of regard and love for the more seasoned man and no respect for his own vocation would stop him. He owed such cruelty and substantially more-to Seldon. â€Å"Look, Hari,† he stated, slashing at the air with his left hand, â€Å"for some explanation that is outside my ability to comprehend, you appreciate this Demerzel, yet I don’t. Nobody whose supposition I regard aside from you-has a favorable opinion of him. I don’t care what befalls him by and by, Hari, yet as long as I might suspect you do, I must choose the option to carry this to your attention.† Seldon grinned, as much at the other’s sincerity as at what he viewed as the futility of his anxiety. He was partial to Yugo Amaryl-more than affectionate. Yugo was one of the four individuals he had experienced during that brief time of his life when he was in trip over the essence of the planet Trantor-Eto Demerzel, Dors Venabili, Yugo Amaryl, and Raych-four, any semblance of which he had not found since. In a specific and, for each situation, diverse way, these four were basic to him-Yugo Amaryl, in view of his fast comprehension of the standards of psychohistory and of his creative probings into new regions. It was encouraging to realize that on the off chance that anything happened to Seldon himself before the science of the field could be totally turned out to be and how gradually it continued, and how rocky the obstructions there would at any rate stay one great psyche that would proceed with the exploration. He stated, â€Å"I’m sorry, Yugo. I don’t intend to be eager with you or to dismiss without a second thought whatever it is you are so on edge to cause me to comprehend. It’s simply this activity of mine; it’s this business of being a division head-â€Å" Amaryl discovered it his chance to grin and he quelled a slight laugh. â€Å"I’m sorry, Hari, and I shouldn’t giggle, however you have no common inclination for the position.† â€Å"As well I know, yet I’ll need to learn. I need to appear to accomplish something innocuous and there is nothing-nothing-more innocuous than being the leader of the Mathematics Department at Streeling University. I can fill my day with immaterial errands, so nobody need know or get some information about the course of our psychohistorical research, yet the difficulty is, I do fill my day with insignificant assignments and I have lacking opportunity to-† His eyes looked around his office at the material put away in PCs to which just he and Amaryl had the key and which, regardless of whether any other individual discovered them, had been painstakingly expressed in a designed symbology that nobody else would comprehend. Amaryl stated, â€Å"Once you work your path further into your obligations, you’ll start to delegate and afterward you’ll have more time.† â€Å"I trust so,† said Seldon regrettably. â€Å"But outline for me, what is it about Eto Demerzel that is so important?† â€Å"Simply that Eto Demerzel, our incredible Emperor’s First Minister, is hectically making an insurrection.† Seldon grimaced. â€Å"Why would he need to do that?† â€Å"I didn’t state he needs to. He’s basically doing it-whether he knows it or not-and with impressive assistance from a portion of his political foes. That’s good with me, you comprehend. I feel that, under perfect conditions, it would be something to be thankful for to have him out of the Palace, off Trantor†¦ past the Empire, so far as that is concerned. In any case, you appreciate him, as I’ve stated, thus I’m cautioning you, since I presume that you are not following the ongoing political course of occasions as intently as you should.† â€Å"There are progressively significant things to do,† said Seldon gently. â€Å"Like psychohistory. I concur. Be that as it may, how are we going to create psychohistory with any desire for progress in the event that we stay oblivious of governmental issues? That is to say, present-day governmental issues. Presently this is the ideal opportunity when the present is transforming into what's to come. We can’t simply study the past. We comprehend what occurred before. It’s against the present and the not so distant future that we can check our results.† â€Å"It appears to me,† said Seldon, â€Å"that I have heard this contention before.† â€Å"And you’ll hear it once more. It doesn’t appear to benefit me in any way to disclose this to you.† Seldon murmured, sat back in his seat, and respected Amaryl with a grin. You read Forward the Foundation Chapter 1 in classification Paper models The more youthful man could be rough, however he paid attention to psychohistory and that reimbursed all. Amaryl still had the sign of his initial a very long time as a heatsinker. He had the expansive shoulders and the solid form of one who had been utilized to hard physical work. He had not permitted his body to turn out of shape and that was something worth being thankful for, for it propelled Seldon to oppose the drive to invest the entirety of his energy at the work area too. He didn't have Amaryl’s sheer physical quality, yet he despite everything had his own gifts as a Twister-for all that he had quite recently turned forty and couldn't keep it up until the end of time. Yet, for the present, he would proceed. On account of his day by day exercises, his midsection was as yet trim, his legs and arms firm. He stated, â€Å"This worry for Demerzel can't be simply a matter of his being a companion of mine. You should have some other motive.† â€Å"There’s no riddle to that. For whatever length of time that you’re a companion of Demerzel, your situation here at the University is secure and you can keep on chipping away at psychohistorical research.† â€Å"There you are. So I do have motivation to be companions with him. It isn’t outside your ability to grasp at all.† â€Å"You have an enthusiasm for developing him. That, I comprehend. However, with respect to companionship that, I don’t comprehend. Be that as it may if Demerzel lost force, very separated from the impact it may have on your position, at that point Cleon himself would be running the Empire and the pace of its decay would increment. Political agitation may then arrive before we have turned out to be all the ramifications of psychohistory and caused it feasible for the science to spare all to humanity.† â€Å"I see. Yet, you know, I genuinely don’t imagine that we’re going to work out psychohistory so as to forestall the Fall of the Empire.† â€Å"Even in the event that we were unable to forestall the Fall, we could pad the impacts, couldn’t we?† â€Å"Perhaps.† â€Å"There you are, at that point. The more we need to work in harmony, the more prominent the possibility we should forestall the Fall or, in any event, enhance the impacts. Since that is the situation, working in reverse, it might be important to spare Demerzel, regardless of whether we-or, at any rate, I-like it or not.† â€Å"Yet you recently said that you might want to see him out of the Palace and away from Trantor and past the Empire.† â€Å"Yes, under perfect conditions, I said. In any case, we are not living under perfect conditions and we need our First Minister, regardless of whether he is an instrument of restraint and despotism.† â€Å"I see. In any case, for what reason do you think the Empire is so near disintegration that the departure of a First Minister will bring it about?† â€Å"Psychohistory.† â€Å"Are you utilizing it for expectations? We haven’t even gotten the structure set up. What expectations can you make?† â€Å"There’s instinct, Hari.† â€Å"There’s consistently been instinct. We need something else, don’t we? We need a numerical treatment that will give us probabilities of explicit future improvements under this condition or that. In the event that instinct gets the job done to direct us, we don’t need psychohistory at all.† â€Å"It’s not really only either, Hari. I’m discussing both: the mix, which might be better than either-in any event until psychohistory is perfected.† â€Å"If ever,† said Seldon. â€Å"But let me know, where does this threat to Demerzel emerge? Would could it be that is probably going to hurt him or overth

Marketing Research Paper on Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization

Promoting on Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization - Research Paper Example It was during her outings after a corporate life that she faced the challenge of building up the first Kudler Fine Foods following disclosure of an open door that she could abuse. This open door was sired following a find that she was unable to get all her cooking fixings in a single store and this chose to open a gourmet store that would meet the specialty needs of the customers. This hence outlines revelation of chances and misusing them to accumulate an upper hand is one of the promoting system and strategies that Kudler Fine Foods utilizes (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011). Data innovation fills in as a viable apparatus used by Kudler Fine Foods Organization both for advertising research and as a showcasing procedure. The association has a web landing page where it takes part in online communication with the partners since it gets the opportunity to gain data on the client reactions in accordance with their items and furthermore the necessities of the buyers. Therefore, the site page emp owers Kudler Fine Foods to internetwork with its different branches consequently diminishing the voyaging cost brought about without online correspondence administrations. Additionally, following utilization of online landing page, data accumulated guides in the key dynamic of the association. This along these lines empowers Kudler Fine Foods to collect a vital situation in the business because of consolidation of IT in the arrangement of its items and administrations (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011). Broadening is another promoting methodology utilized by Kudler Fine Foods Virtual association and advertising exploration will extraordinarily impact the adequacy of this procedure. Enhancement is outlined in the arrangement of items and administrations that the association takes part in henceforth making their slows down a one stop search for their purchasers. The association via completing promoting exploration will be in a situation to know the present wines that are favored by the clients and in this manner set up the wine. Thusly, in the heating office, promoting examination will help in creating of various cakes and in learning the market patterns of cake utilization. Also, in the meat and cheddar office, showcasing examination will give significant data with respect to how the association can improve the arrangement of its merchandise and enterprises. Following the ongoing improvement of Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization in accordance with extension abilities, there is clear sign that statistical surveying assumes a critical job in broadening as well as in showcase passage draws near. Interest in statistical surveying will empower Kudler Fine Foods accomplish the vision of being the chief basic food item and gourmet store (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011). Territories where Kudler Fine Foods’ needs extra statistical surveying Kudler Fine Foods needs to do extra statistical surveying in accordance with its obtainment techniques. Right now, trying to cut expens e, Kathy the chief is the one liable for requesting for all the three stores on a week by week premise. Despite the fact that it is less expensive, it diminishes the time she communicates with her clients as the obtainment and appropriation takes the greater part of her time. The association needs to carryout extra statistical surveying with regards to how it can acquire items for the three slows down, to guarantee that Kathy gets to the individuals on the ground and becomes more acquainted with the inclinations of the purchasers structure the

UK Schools in Crisis

UK Schools in Crisis The OE Blog UK schools have hit the headlines repeatedly in recent months, and not for the right reasons. We look at the troubling areas in which English schools are failing and ask what might be done to solve the problems. Illiteracy Revealed The Evening Standard sensationally revealed that one in four children is practically illiterate upon completing primary school; that one in three children does not own a book and one million British adults are unable to read. The Solution? The Evening Standard launched “Get London Reading,” a campaign to recruit volunteers and raise funds to individually tutor children learning to read in the capital’s schools. Yet this scheme will do little to tackle the problem nationwide and is unlikely to catch every child slipping through the net. SATs Boycotted Following a mass protest in which schools all over the country boycotted the SAT examinations, they are set to be reduced to just a maths and reading test next year. In a highly embarrassing furore for the government, 4000 schools refused to take part in last year’s tests, while a further 2000 head teachers complained of “severe” and “outrageous” failings in the marking of this year’s papers. The Solution? Already in motion, the solution is to abandon the controversial SATs in favour of teacher-led assessments that take into account a child’s progress and performance over the whole year rather than in just one test. English Baccalaureate Criticised The English Baccalaureate was designed as a new benchmark for schools, creating a league table based on pupils’ performance in key subjects including English, Maths and sciences. However Shadow Education Secretary Andy Burnham slated the scheme in the House of Commons this week, claiming that competition for league table places has lead schools to heavily restrict student subject choices to favour those measured by the system. 43% of schools questioned reported restricting students’ choices, with some even admitting to transferring students to different GCSE courses midway through the year to improve league table results. The Solution? A heavy reliance on league tables has long plagued the British school system. Lower rankings for schools in disadvantaged areas can give an unfair impression of low performance when teachers might actually be doing a fantastic job. Meanwhile, students are drilled to learn formulaic answers and jump through hoops rather than encouraged to think creatively and independently. The ideal answer seems ultimately to be a move away from league tables to allow schools to refocus on the importance of teaching and putting students first. Free Schools and Academies Condemned Coalition Education Secretary Michael Gove has come under heavy fire for his ‘free schools’ scheme, which would see any group of people who want to open their own school able to apply for government funding. The academy scheme similarly aims to reduce government control, with schools gaining independent status but remaining publicly funded. Gove has written to every school in the country asking them to apply for academy status. Yet critics have been vitriolic in their condemnation of the scheme, which they say puts educational power in the hands of any group of pushy parents who ‘think they could do better’. Meanwhile, unfair competition will be created between schools, with failing state schools lagging further behind as public funds are pumped instead into new ‘free schools,’ over which the government will have little control. Some also fear the rise of fundamental and extremist schools under the scheme, which will allow administrators to preach whatever doctrine they like to pupils. The Solution? Only 8% of teachers believe that Gove’s scheme will improve education for poor children in England, with the National Union of Teachers feeling so strongly that it announced an unprecedented “vote of no confidence” in Gove’s education policy. Accusations are rife that Gove has “railroaded” his plans through parliament using emergency measures without any proper consultation with parents and teachers. So it seems the only helpful solution would be to return to negotiation stage, involve more education professionals in the policy-shaping process and reinventing the new education policy to avoid fears of a two-tier school system emerging. In reality, it is unlikely Gove will be prevented from putting these plans into practice, with many groups already having been given the green light for free school plans. Aim Higher and EMA Abolished Amidst drastic budget cuts that saw university tuition fees soar to £9000, the government chose to axe a number of programs designed to support the most disadvantaged children in education. These included the Aim Higher scheme and the Education Maintenance Allowance, which provided pupils from low-income families with financial support if they continued to sixth-form after completing their GCSEs. The Solution? The government has replaced the EMA with a new, drastically reduced fund, which they claim will be better targeted at those who really need it. However teachers and pupils claim the loss of the EMA will strike a huge blow to education for the most disadvantaged children and contribute to a dearth of poorer students applying to top universities in 2012. A reinstatement of the EMA seems to be the ideal solution, but that is extremely unlikely to happen in practice. Oxbridge Entry Biased On top of the UK schools crisis, a vast gulf of inequality has also been revealed at university entry level, with figures released last week showing that some 5 top independent schools send more students to Oxbridge than 2000 others put together. This suggests a huge crisis of inequality between public and state schools in England, resulting in a massive bias at university, and consequently within society. Social mobility is limited and equal access far from a reality, but the situation seems likely only to get worse. The Solution? Real targets and a much harder crackdown on university admissions teams would be the ideal solution, combined with better, government funded programs to mentor and encourage children from the most disadvantaged areas to take the right A-levels and consider applying for top universities. However, with EMA and Aim Higher axed and the government allowing Oxbridge to charge £9000 fees whilst only promising to increase their state school intake by a measly 3%, the solution sadly seems to be out of reach.

Schizophrenia And Its Effects On The Development Of...

Abstract Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that causes people to interpret reality abnormally. The disease is chronic, allowing it to potentially last for a span of years and must be medically diagnosed, with the possibility of medical treatment which can help. Schizophrenia often can result in hallucinations, disordered thinking as well as delusions. Although the specific cause of the disease is not formally known, genetics may assist in playing a role. The disease proves to not be a single disease, but instead, it is composed of a group of eight genetically distinct disorders in which all have their own associated symptoms. A large percent of potential risk for Schizophrenia is known to actually be inherited. The Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 3 (NPAS3) is a protein coding gene and is a member of the basic helix-loop—helix and PAS domain containing family of transcription factors. Specifically, the encoded protein is localized within the nucleus and can regulate genes involved in the pr ocess of neurogenesis. Furthermore, NPAS3 has been linked with responsibility for the development of Schizophrenia. Mental and brain disorders are consistently growing in the amount of information and new developments that are being discovered. Furthermore, the amount of information that has been discovered in regards to the disorder Schizophrenia is consistently developing. It has been a struggle to determine specific genes that are associated with the Schizophrenia condition. ScientistsShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia And Its Effects On The Development Of Schizophrenia Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a life-long disorder that affects about one percent of the population (Mueser McGurk, 2004). The cause of this mental illness is still unclear. Studies have suggested that Schizophrenia does not arise from one factor but from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors (Liddle, 1987). People diagnosed with Schizophrenia struggle to deal with a multitude of symptoms that make it difficult to function (Mueser McGurk, 2004). Antipsychotic medicationsRead MoreA Brief Description of Schizophrenia1135 Words   |  5 Pagesschizophrenia.com schizophrenia is a complex, debilitating mental disorder that 1-2% of the world population experience. It is a disorder of the brain that affects how people think, feel, and perceive. The purpose of this paper is to explore schizophrenia, in particular its signs, symptoms, etiology and pathophysiology, and then examine drug treatment and their mechanism of action. This will be followed by the prognosis for people with schizophrenia. Signs and Symptoms Early signs of schizophrenia includeRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Onset Schizophrenia Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages SOWK 506- Fall 2015 Assignment #3: Child Onset Schizophrenia Becki Kennedy and Mary Marrone USC School of Social Work December 11, 2015 Martha Lyon-Levine Introduction This research paper focuses on the issue of child onset schizophrenia, specifically looking at the prognosis, symptoms, stigma, and most effective treatment options for children. This topic has become a significant social issue as a result of the recent mass school shootings throughout the nationRead MoreSymptoms, Causes, And Treatments Of Schizophrenia1702 Words   |  7 PagesSymptoms, Causes, and Treatments of Schizophrenia Cassidy Echalico Florida State College at Jacksonville Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a stigmatized disease that labels victims as crazy. One percent of people develop schizophrenia in their lifetime; more than two million Americans suffer from schizophrenia in a given year (Spearing, 1999). Although schizophrenia affects men and women equally, it often appears earlier in men than in women; Men are generally affectedRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Disease?1242 Words   |  5 Pages Schizophrenia A normal person is able to go about their day without any problems at all, however, for a person with schizophrenia, their day may be next to impossible. The voices playing throughout that person’s head all the time distracts them from their everyday activities. Their reality is much different than a person without this disorder. Schizophrenia is a mental disease that affects many and can become very serious if not handled correctly; if more research is done on this disease thenRead MoreAnalysis of Schizophrenia705 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of schizophrenia in the world population has determined that the disease has a low incidence but a high prevalence due to the chronic nature of the disorder. Although evidence has shown that schizophrenia does have a tendency to be passed along in families, other studies have implicated the environment, in addition to genetics, as a factor in developing the disorder. Because the economic burden of treating and caring for those affected by schizophrenia exceeds $30 billion annually, understandingRead MoreBIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA1117 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Biopsychosocial Models for Schizophrenia Karolyn LaPre 11/15/13 Psy 305 Instructor: Arthur Swisher This paper will explore one of the most severe mental disorders, schizophrenia, with the goal of providing an actualized understanding of this disorder, including its etiology, course, epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment. Schizophrenia is characterized by an unadaptive pattern of general though and emotions, including delusions, auditory hallucinationsRead MoreThe Direct Genetic Loci Accounting For Schizophrenia s Heritability Is Still Unidentified1395 Words   |  6 Pagessome form of potential risk. Compared to other mental disorders, schizophrenia is unique to having a combination of many different environmental, genetic, and biological factors. The exact cause of the disease is still unknown, but studies such as biometric and molecular screenings have proved genetic and biological factors, combined with environmental factors, is strongly connected to the etiology of the disease. Although schizophrenia is more commonly manifested during young adulthood, scientistsRead MoreHow Schizophrenia Affects The Lifespan1595 Words   |  7 PagesHow Schizophrenia affects the Lifespan 3 How Schizophrenia affects the Lifespan Schizophrenia is a mental illness that inhibits a person’s ability to think clearly, manage their emotions, make their own decisions, and associate with others. It is a complicated, long term illness that affects one percent of Americans. Even though Schizophrenia can occur at any age, it is more common forRead MoreA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia531 Words   |  3 PagesExplanations of Schizophrenia Both the biological and the psychological explanations of schizophrenia are supported by empirical evidence which justify their explanations. However ,within the biological explanation there is the genetic explanation which is used largely based on scientific research such as that of Gottesman’s research using meta-analysis which looked at the family (including twin) relationships and concordance rates of schizophrenia. The studies used

The Argument About Essay on American Dream Topics

The Argument About Essay on American Dream Topics Ruthless Essay on American Dream Topics Strategies Exploited It's possible to specialize in a variety of subject areas. A great number of students choose to study in USA because the standard of research programs offered together with the resources made available to access the same have ensured that the caliber of the training course structure is high. The sorts of jobs that K12 students must fill will call for different kinds of abilities which must be an essential part of their existing education. Too few students are ready to function in a world that's full of computer technology. What to Expect From Essay on American Dream Topics? While several of the hardships would remain, a shorter trail would reduce the time that it took to create the drive. Eliminate Debt If you prefer to get the American Dream, you should first eliminate debt by creating an effective debt management program. Selecting a house program should be pret ty simple, it's the option of materials that could send you reeling. It's important to understand that debt repayment can take quite a very long time, therefore it's important to not get discouraged while attempting to eliminate debt. With the majority of the accommodation in easy walking distance to the beach, there is not any need to have a bus or taxi to get to the water as in different towns on the island. You ought to make some decisions as a parent what you're likely to do if your kid isn't likely to attend college. Whether it is a promotion on the job losing weight, or having a wonderful relationship. Consider everybody's needs when choosing a home program. The Benefits of Essay on American Dream Topics It is wise to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. Education in the united states, falls under the class of value for money and is regarded as a formidable investment for the future. The New Angle On Essay on American Dream Topics Just Released Figure out what works for you because everyone differs. Entering the college years is something which's really tough for children. As an example, maybe you need your kid to visit a particular s chool or at least to a four year university. At exactly the same time, you don't need to financially support your son's or daughter's decision not to attend college if it isn't something which settles well with you. In the end, you must come to peace with the simple fact a decision to visit college isn't your choice to make. It's so normal for Americans to slip under the poverty line because of the deficiency of a security net. The issue is that an economy that was constructed on racism, repression, discrimination, and brutality found it quite hard to adjust once slave labor wasn't a factor. Eat better, exercise, and earn a choice to choose to be happy despite your circumstances. The New Angle On Essay on American Dream Topics Just Released Lifestyle entrepreneurship is a new term defined as, An individual that makes a business with the goal of altering their private way of life and not for the sole intent of earning profits. Now it appears that a college education doesn't g uarantee sufficient income. One is proper education that could force you to secure a great job. This knowledge associated with technology can be placed to use with research opportunities given at the institutions. Knowing your passion isn't enough. Whichever goal, make certain that you do not become unrealistic. It's fine to plan ahead and set goals for where you wish to be. Some common goals include things like writing about the way that it is proud to reside in the us or the way that it is a land of opportunity for many. A good way to begin your American dream essay is by selecting a fantastic topic, which you are able to easily research on. Poverty isn't a problem which can be solved overnight. The Do's and Don'ts of Essay on American Dream Topics All the dreams of America seem so far because you can't observe the conclusion of the tough work. The majority of the world was discovered. America has ever been the New World for millions of individuals who had a Dream. Last, folks say America is a spot of dream since they can reach their goal by hard work. The green light also demonstrates that it's difficult to reach a goal in the us, even for rich men and women. Financial Aid Although a great number of folks think it to study in USA, one wants to shell out a large amount of money that's not anywhere near the truth. Since the beginning, they have come to America from all over the world seeking religious and personal freedoms, as well as independence, equality, opportunity and prosperity. So, to reach the American Dream with very little or no money, you will need to continue to be reasonable about your requirements and wants. Everybody is still looking for wealth and everything. The secondary quality of American dream is that everyone has the identical chance to be successful. Media tells us not to consider the monster and instead to stay centered on the dream.

Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 25 Free Essays

Anger was all I had left, and I let rage fuel me the way human blood had in my first weeks as a vampire. I couldn’t believe Damon’s indifference, couldn’t understand who he’d become. But him not helping didn’t change what I needed to do: save Lexi. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 25 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Across the street a gentleman upon a coal-black mare was talking amiably down to a shopkeeper. The moment the shopkeeper went in to get something I grabbed the horse’s reins and, breaking my vow for the second time in twenty-four hours, I compelled the rider to dismount and enjoy a nice long walk back home. Though normally I’d be faster than a horse, I was hungry and drained, so with gentle whispers and a crack of the reins I was off uptown, loudly galloping upon the New York City streets. She was a fine beast and responded to my every gentle nudge, the slightest clench of my knees. With the wind in my hair and the leather in my grip, I almost felt like my old self again. But the sky was beginning to lighten, in that hushed crystal blue of early morning, and I had to urge every last bit of speed out of the horse. Lexi’s life might depend on it. As we mounted the long drive up to the Richards’ and took the small path to the family chapel on the right, I knew I had made the right decision. I could smell the old one’s presence, the miasma of old blood, death, and decay that followed around him like a shadow. My horse whinnied in terror. I leaped off the horse before she had really stopped and gave her a gentle spank. â€Å"Go home,† I ordered. She reared up, as if unwilling to give up her newfound freedom, then turned and galloped away. I ran into the great hall where I was wed, pushing aside a lone servant who stood in my way. Lexi was there, tied to the altar like an ancient sacrifice. The smell of vervain burned my nose – her ropes had clearly been soaked in it. The sun had risen, and its presence came in the form of a bloodred puddle from an east-facing stained glass window. As the light slowly moved toward her feet she squirmed and gasped, trying to pull her legs out of the way. A wisp of smoke rose up where the deadly sun had just begun to touch her toes, and the strange smell of burning flesh filled the room. â€Å"Lexi!† I yelled. â€Å"Stefan!† she sobbed in pain and relief. I thought fast. It would take me far too long to figure out how to remove the vervain-soaked ropes, and there was nothing I could cover the windows with, no tapestries or easily pulled-up rugs or runners. Without thinking of my own safety, I ran over and grabbed her small white hand, slipping my ring over her finger. â€Å"But, Stefan,† Lexi protested. â€Å"You need it if you’re going to keep chasing after and saving me,† I said, pulling all her ropes off. The vervain burned my fingers raw, but preserved her until she was free. Despite the pain in my fingers, I felt light and hopeful. I had done it. I’d saved Lexi. â€Å"Now let’s get you – â€Å" But at that moment, a vervain-soaked net fell on us both, searing every inch of my body. â€Å"Run!† I shouted, pushing Lexi out of the way. She rolled to the floor, then reached for the edge of a pew to help right herself. As she extended her arm, though, it passed through a shaft of sunlight. Her eyes widened in wonder, clearly shocked that no smoke appeared and her skin didn’t burn. And then she disappeared, blurring with vampire speed away from the scene. I put up my hands, trying to keep the netting off my face, but I twisted and cried out wherever the poisoned rope touched me. The ancient vampire appeared, giant leather gloves on his hands and a big grin on his pale face. â€Å"Hello.† The corners of his mouth pulled back too far, revealing a set of strong white teeth wedged in decaying gums. â€Å"So predictable, coming to rescue a damsel in distress.† That foul odor of a slaughterhouse enveloped me like a hot wind in August: inescapable, absolute, and horrible. Despite the burning nets, I tried to turn away from it. That only made him chuckle. â€Å"Where is the one who is always near you and just out of your grasp, like a shadow? Where is your brother?† I clenched my jaw. Knowing Damon, he was swilling his third whiskey, preparing to feast on a saloon girl or two. Lucius studied my silent face, seeming to mistake it for bravado. â€Å"Well, it is no matter. I will get him eventually. Your brother is more like a real vampyr than you, no interest in anything outside his little world, no desire to do good. He may survive for a trifle longer.† â€Å"What do you plan to do with me?† I demanded. Though in truth, now that Lexi was safe, I didn’t fear for my own safety. I wished only to have the chance to kill the monster, to stop him from exacting further revenge and preying on more humans. But the vervain was drawing out my Power like a siphon, and I knew even scratching the old one would be a small victory. The beast grabbed the net and threw me over his shoulder like I was nothing more than a bag of mice or feathers. â€Å"My plans are not particularly spectacular,† he said as he lumbered down the church’s aisle. There were still rose petals on the floor, I noted, drying away into thin scraps of nothing. The flowers in vases were wilted, everything left to wither after the murder of the brides. â€Å"But they will be enduring. Vampires can survive a very, very long time. Without food. Slowly starving over the centuries and still not dying.† The net shifted as he shrugged. â€Å"Well, eventually, perhaps. I’ve never seen it happen, but I suppose we’ll find out.† He took a sudden left into the private chapel, stopping in front of a set of double doors – the crypt, I suddenly realized with mounting dread. Although the doors were solid, carved marble, Lucius had no problem throwing them open, dumping me out of the net, and tossing me into a tiny stone room, barely larger than the dozen coffins interred there. For one brief moment, I relished the feel of the cool air rushing over my burned skin. But then he let out a low growl. â€Å"When your hunger for blood eats you from the inside and makes you go mad, do not worry – I will be there, listening. Watching. And laughing.† My last sight was of the ancient standing, outlined in a bright halo of the living world, waving. Then he threw the doors closed with a slam that echoed to the very heavens, and I was in utter darkness. I raced to the doors and threw my weight against them. They didn’t even rattle. Trying to quell my rising hysteria, I took in the dank, musty room, searching for an opening, a secret exit, an out, even though a voice at the back of my mind screamed, â€Å"It’s a crypt, Stefan! Death is the only way out!† I wove through the maze of coffins and sarcophagi. Even in my panic I noticed the ornate carvings and brass hinges. One of the marble tombs had the portrait of a young girl engraved in high relief. She had wide eyes and bow-shaped lips. I slumped over the carving, as though I could hug the girl resting beneath it. At least Lexi was safe, I told myself. If nothing else, at least I could spend the centuries knowing that she was out there somewhere, living her life – protected by my ring. And maybe, just maybe, trying to find me. â€Å"So long,† I whispered to Lexi in the silence of the tomb. As if on cue, the doors to the crypt opened one last time, and a petite blonde came hurtling through, landing with a thud at my feet. â€Å"Lexi!† I cried as the doors slammed shut behind her, plunging us into darkness again. â€Å"Hey there,† she said weakly. â€Å"Fancy meeting you here.† How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 25, Essay examples

The use of nigger or nigga in present day language Essay Example For Students

The use of nigger or nigga in present day language Essay The relationship between the speaker and to whom he or she is speaking to, should definitely be taken into account when evaluating if this usage is hateful or offensive. Randall Kennedy addresses the idea of race and the intention of the speaker, in his book, Nigger, when he says, There is nothing necessarily wrong with a white person saying nigger, just as there is nothing necessarily wrong with a black person saying it. What should matter is the context in which the word is spoken-the speakers aims, effects, alternatives (51). We will write a custom essay on The use of nigger or nigga in present day language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When controversy does arise over the issue of the words nigger or nigga, young adults who actually use the terms do not identify with the idea of it being a racial slur because expressing racism and prejudice is the last thing on their minds when they are saying these slang terms in normal conversations with friends. On the opposite end of the argument are those people who consider nigger in any form to be a racial slur, regardless of the manner in which it is spoken. The people against its use firmly believe that nigger should be struck from the English language and all kinds of slang for reasons stemming from racism. They argue that saying nigger or nigga is equivalent to saying kike, chink, or gook, which are other racial slurs that are not openly spoken, but would certainly cause tensions if they were voiced. However, one could dispute this assertion by stating that kike, chink, and gook are not used in everyday language and infused into our culture the way nigga continues to be, and for that reason, the two ideas cannot be compared. The main reason why nigger is thought to be intolerable is because it has such a dreadful history and is considered in some circles to be the ultimate symbol of hate. Every utterance of the word is an awful reminder of the tragic days of enslavement when whites purposely called black people niggers to degrade them and lower their status. This idea is addressed by Lena Williams, in her book, Its the Little Things, Everyday Interactions That Anger, Annoy, and Divide the Races, when she says, They know that by calling blacks nigger they strip us of our humanity and jar our collective memories, reminding us of days not so long ago when all of us were niggers in their eyes (198). People against this words existence in mainstream America believe it has too much negative history. It is understandable how it would stir up painful memories and signal racism but then why have African Americans included the term so often in their everyday speech that it has become common to hear it being spoken. It seems a bit contradictory when a person hears about the anguish caused by the mere utterance of nigger, but then turns around to find a group of young African Americans on the street, using the word easily in friendly conversation without a second thought. If black people are indeed hurt by the mention of nigger, then they should initiate the change in American slang and cease to use the word themselves. One could then go on to argue that African Americans do not use the term in a hateful way, and that they are using the word loosely among friends. Furthermore, this supports the argument that the definition of nigger or nigga is indeed gradually changing and taking on a connotative meaning and moving away from its sad and degrading denotative meaning. Many white people in the middle of this controversy have begun to talk about separating and defining the versions of the word and have also questioned the fact that African Americans use the terms so freely. Kennedy addresses the issue of nigger vs. nigga when he states that there are currently some Americans who insist upon distinguishing nigger-which they see as exclusively an insult-from nigga, which they view as a term capable of signaling friendly salutation (5). The idea is that only the spelling has changed but each word in todays society has taken on its own meaning. .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 , .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .postImageUrl , .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 , .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:hover , .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:visited , .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:active { border:0!important; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:active , .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4 .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1aab21355cafd1774284d996e43f06b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dangers of Social Networking Sites EssayIt would be frowned upon if a white teenager was to say, Hey you, nigger, but if he said, Hows it going, my nigga? which is in part how nigga is used among friends of the younger generations, it should be acceptable and overlooked. People in the middle believe that it is okay to use this slang term as long as it is spoken privately among close friends and not in the public view. Another viewpoint, which causes uncertainty on this issue, is that while black Americans are saying the word is terrible and should not be spoken, they are using the word freely and publicly. This view is expressed by one lady that was interviewed by Williams, when she wonders, If blacks dont want whites to use the word, why are they putting it out there in the mainstream popular culture? (199). African Americans use of nigger and at the same time, the disapproval of the word by black people are viewed as contradictory, therefore causing confusion on what is indeed inappropriate or acceptable language. The ever-changing parlance of young adults can be heard commonly in popular culture but as time progresses certain slang terms will come into use that may cause a few eyebrows to be raised. It is likely that the young generations of people who use or hear these questionable words will fail to see a problem with their word choice but the older generations may not be as understanding. The disagreements and misunderstandings occur when people of the older generations and even some from the younger generations do not recognize that it is only a slang term spoken on the streets, among friends, to show friendship, respect, or as a pronoun to refer to other people. The casual use of nigger or nigga should not be taken offensively as long as the speaker is not using it in a racist manner and those people that are in opposition should understand that the young adults, who do use this term, are doing so with no ill intent. I believe that if this word is really so demeaning, African Americans should also refrain from using this speech, instead of using it so often and freely and putting it out there for the public, in their song lyrics. I also think that the use or overuse of this word may be able to wipe away the uncomfortable implications of the past and bring on a new meaning, which would solely be a term of endearment and camaraderie. Not only is this a touchy subject for young adults of my age group, but it also sparks an interest because the word is so readily used on the streets, and especially in the hip hop culture and much of the music that comes out of this scene. It seems like people of my generation may share the same view; that it is acceptable and not considered hate speech as long as there are no racist intentions and spoken among friends. Not only is this a touchy subject for young adults of my age group, but it also sparks an interest because the word is so readily used on the streets, and especially in the hip hop culture and much of the music that comes out of this scene. which is widely marketed to the public.

Poverty Humanitarian Aid and Main Goal Essay

Poverty Humanitarian Aid and Main Goal Essay Poverty: Humanitarian Aid and Main Goal Essay Teresa Oliveira Ruth Taronno Introduction to International Development Studies 5 March 2015 The Role of Media in Our Society Media plays a significant role in our society nowadays. We are constantly bombarded with information without being aware of it for the majority of the time. It is all around us, from the news we listen to on the radio, the documentaries we watch on television and to the books and magazines we read each day. Poverty is an international issue that affects all nations, some more than others, and because it is a common issue, media tends to portray it in a more drastic way, in order to get our attention. The media marginalizes people by showing the public what they want to see, usually stereotyping different groups of people, and indirectly infixing a distorted view of reality in our heads. The information the media divulgates can be very biased about a story, advertisements, or coverage on different social issue, because its main goal is to make a story sounds interesting, outrageous and different, just so they can make money out of it. As part of the audience, we cannot evaluate the accuracy of the stories we read or the images we view without direct personal experience or specific background knowledge of the issue. Furthermore, highly politicized issues are likely to reflect the interests of a dominant social group, causing less powerful groups to be stereotyped and devalued (Bullock). The messages conveyed by the media are important because the media has the power, to a certain level, to manipulate people’s feelings. Depending on the way they portray their point of view, it can make us feel all types of emotions, and easily affect our judgment. Although poverty is one of the most devastating problems faced by many countries, stories about the poor are relatively rare on television nowadays. When exposed to so much information, from all around the world, our brains start to ignore it. In the article Famine as photo op by Will Braun talks about how media uses certain types of photos to show their audience what they want us to see. ‘’The distended belly is back in the news. It’s a shocking sight – a motionless, blank-eyed Somali child with emasculated limbs, a seemingly over-sized head and a swollen abdomen. Or maybe it isn’t shocking’’ (Braun), but we are so used to seeing these photos everywhere that we became numb to them. Will Braun brings up the question ‘’If the images numb us, is the fault the photographer’s or ours?’’(Braun). Because of the unlimited access we have to information, or attention span is becoming shorter and shorter each day, which causes the media to try harder to reach us. ‘’The average international story on national television news in the United States lasts one minute and twenty seconds. On that basis alone, it appears almost inevitable that there will be misreporting, even if inadvertent, on the journalist’s side and misunderstanding on the viewer’s’’ (Rieff). The lack of background information can lead us to make assumptions, and those assumptions can turn into negative beliefs and reinforce stereotypes. The media has power. Disaster areas that are covered by the news tend to get our sympathy and humanitarian intervention. Media coverage is critical for the fundraising efforts of international development NGOs in times of emergency. ‘’When the media gets involved, the public is aroused and public emotion can become so intense that UN work is undermined – constructive

Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper and the Mark I Computer

Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper and the Mark I Computer Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University beginning in 1944.   The Mark I   The MARK computers began with the Mark I. Imagine a giant room full of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and eight feet high. The five-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the U.S. Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer was controlled by pre-punched paper tape, and it could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division functions. It could refer to previous results and had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions. It used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3,000 decimal storage wheels, 1,400 rotary dial switches and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By todays standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring three to five seconds to accomplish a multiplication operation. Howard Aiken   Howard Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey in March 1900. He was an electrical engineer and physicist who first conceived of an electro-mechanical device like the Mark I in 1937. After completing his doctorate at Harvard in 1939, Aiken stayed on to continue the computers development. IBM funded his research. Aiken headed a team of three engineers, including Grace Hopper. The Mark I was completed in 1944. Aiken completed the Mark II, an electronic computer, in 1947. He founded the Harvard Computation Laboratory that same year. He published numerous articles on electronics and switching theories and ultimately launched Aiken Industries.   Aiken loved computers, but even he had no idea of their eventual widespread appeal. Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States, he said in 1947. Aiken died in 1973 in St, Louis, Missouri.   Grace Hopper   Born in December 1906 in New York, Grace Hopper studied at Vassar College and Yale before she joined the Naval Reserve in 1943. In 1944, she started working with Aiken on the Harvard Mark I computer. One of Hoppers lesser-known claims to fame is that she was responsible for coining the term bug  to describe a computer fault. The original bug was a moth that caused a hardware fault in the Mark I. Hopper got rid of it and fixed the problem and was the first person to debug a computer.   She began research for the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949  where she designed an improved compiler and was part of the team which developed Flow-Matic, the first English-language data processing compiler. She invented the language APT and verified the language COBOL.   Hopper was the first computer science Man of the Year in 1969, and she received the National Medal of Technology in 1991. She died a year later, in 1992, in Arlington, Virginia.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resources - Essay Example This essay stresses that organization has performed a study which suggests that the companies which will concentrate their operations on online products and services, will greatly benefit in the future, as this will soon become a major means of shopping all over the world. However, it should be remembered that the level of competition online also grows, thus the probability exists that some of the online sellers might lose their money. Despite the high volumes of the annual Internet turnovers, which grow each year, it should be pointed out that the more sellers enter online space, the more the global web will be characterized by fierce competition, thin margins, higher initial start-up and uncertain environment. However, the call to join the ‘dot.com’ is still very attractive and extremely interesting for many potential businessmen who are not able to invest large finances into opening their own business. The topic of the research is the following: a descriptive correlation study of online beauty product vendors with discussing their strategies and buying behaviors of consumers. The main aim of the study is to describe the behaviors of the consumers which by beauty products online, as well as the promotion strategies used by online retailing sellers of the beauty products. In the present research there have been used a number of literary sources, which give general picture and trends on the modern global market.

The history of computer hardware and software Essay

The history of computer hardware and software - Essay Example 9). This technology would later evolve to calculators and then primitive forms of computers. The first computer is believed to be the United States Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC, which was developed in 1946. This machine was extremely large and would evolve into more widely functional forms of computer technology, as vacuum tube machines gave way to transistor-based machines. Still, it wasn’t until the late 1970s and early 1980s that the modern computer emerged. The emergence of modern computer technology was allowed by a number of hardware developments. In these regards, â€Å"the development of integrated circuit technology, and the later development of microprocessors, allowed the previously bulky and cumbersome dimensions of computer technology to be streamlined and formed into the personal home computer† (Lavington, p. 98). In addition to these hardware components, the main historical shift between traditional computer technology and the modern computer has been identified as the ability of modern computers to be programmed. While this is a nebulous concept, the main understanding is that an individual is able to tell a modern computer to process a task and it will be able to carry out the command. Ultimately, these advancements in computer hardware technology have allowed the contemporary pervasive influence of computer technology. While the development of computer hardware is primarily essential to the evolution of computer technology, software developments have made significant contributions. Perhaps the first computer software program was proposed by philosopher Alan Turing. John Turkey first used the term ‘software’ itself in 1958. In terms of the actual development of computer software, the first emergence occurred in 1946 with the ENIAC Army computer. In terms of software development, two major contributors in the late 20th century were IBM and Bill Gates. The 1980s

The Personal Research Project Animation Essay

The Personal Research Project Animation Essay This research document was undertaken to discover and analyse character acting in animation, and the different methods used to express emotion and thought process. The document is focused around how an audience is influenced by techniques of character acting, and what elements contribute to its believability. Research of various literature, articles and online sources have been ventured to aid the analysis and conclusion. The evidence researched, suggests that thought process must occur before an action takes place by the character. Developing a character with empathy through their emotions helps the audience relate to them, contributing to a richer, more believable outcome. Various techniques are used to express thought process and emotion, however, discovery has led to the understanding that body language can be just as expressive without dialogue. Internal thought process is best expressed through a characters eye movements in conjunction with body language. Introduction The aim of this research document is to gain a deeper knowledge and understanding of how acting methods in character animation can be utilised and articulated to express emotions through the display of internal thought processes in a character. This research will explore the methods used by animators to create the illusion of life and discover how it can become believable and engaging for the audience. Acting is defined as the art of practise of representing a character on a stage or before cameras and derives from the Latin word agere, meaning to do an obsolete meaning for the word acting is animate. (John Kundert-Gibbs, 2009, p4) Research will be applied to specific methods of real/stage acting to develop an understanding of acting in character animation. Background to the Research Animate verb /annimayt/ 1. bring to life or activity. 2 give (a film or character) the appearance of movement using animation. adjective /annimt/ alive; having life. Derives, animator noun. Origin, Latin animare, from anima life, soul. (Oxford English Dictionary) Animation has been thought to have originated over 35,000 years ago, after the discovery of ancient wall paintings in places like Altamira and Lascaux; which depicted various types of humans, objects and animals as Richard Williams (2001, p13) explains, sometimes with four pairs of legs to show motion. In the early 1800s, Williams shows (2001, p14-15) that there were various different devices developed for the sole purpose of creating an illusion of movement such as the Thaumatrope, the Phenakistoscope, the Zoetrope, the Paxinoscope and the Flipper book. All these devices were based on the rediscovery, in 1824, of The persistence of vision by Peter Mark Roget. The principle of this rests, on the fact that our eyes temporarily retain the image of anything theyve just seen. (Williams, 2001, p13) In 1896, this sparked the interest of Thomas Edison, who ended up publicly releasing a combination of drawings, drawn by James Stuart Blackton, in sequence called Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. Since then, we have seen many different approaches to the genre of animation. With the rise of Disney animation studios, in 1928, Steamboat Willie was introduced with synchronised sound and a new character, Mickey Mouse. By 1936, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released which received amazing success. This was the starting point of the Golden Age of animation which was shortly followed by the popular Disney titles: Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi and Fantasia. It wasnt until November, 1995 that Toy Story, the first full-length computer animated film was released by Pixar Animation Studios. This sparked another new era of animation. Studios like Dreamworks and Blue Sky soon followed. Acting in animation has been adopted as the key element for creating believability in an animated sequence, But to make these designs work, the movements have to be believable which leads back to realism What we want to achieve isnt realism, its believability. (Williams, 2001, p.34) All animated acting is designed to give a character personality and believability. Just like in stage acting. Doron Meir (2008) explains that believable acting is a result of the audience feeling a characters actions of its own inner motives. Williams (2001) notes that animation principles that were developed by Disney Studios very early on, are still being used today in all types of animation to bring characters to life. Research Question How are emotions and internal thought processes expressed through techniques of acting in character animation to make characters believable and engaging to the audience? Survey of Literature Works Acting is a very broad subject, and can be applied to many different genres of acting for stage and camera. Animation has had a direct influence by the techniques and discoveries on how to portray a character through movement. This is why To the Actor: On the Technique of Acting by Michael Chekhov is an ideal choice that links directly to acting. Chekhov is famously known for his in-depth acting methods, and has stood as an iconic teacher for famous actors of today. Chekhov reflects on the methods used to call up emotions, develop characters and strengthen awareness as an actor. All these things help to develop specific Psychological Gestures that he explains within the book, that show the audience what the character is trying to express through body language, which is also the key to a characters believability in an animated sequence. To get a more specific understanding of how characters move, and the principles surrounding character animation as an art, The Animators Survival Guide by Richard Williams is an in-depth manual on the style and techniques of hand-drawn animation. Containing the specific principles used by animators to achieve believable movement. Williams has been one of the true innovators, and serves as a link between the golden age of animation by hand and new computer animation successes. (Williams, 2001, blurb) Everything in this book relates to the overall aim of producing a character that moves in a believable way. Acting relies on these techniques that are shown through drawing methods of frame by frame animation. By adopting these techniques, animators can be taught to study the anatomy of the human body to further understand how to produce successful animated characters. The analysis of how characters display emotion needs to be taken into account throughout this research. Acting for Animators by Ed Hooks explains the tried and tested methods in acting that reflect personality and feeling within a character. This book takes us through Hooks lessons on acting and the theoretical approach behind his techniques. Empathy occurs a lot in this book, answering the need to create characters with feeling, for the audience to empathise with. Analysis into character movement and acting by example will allow the discovery of techniques used in popular film. Acting in Animation: A Look at 12 Films is a second book by Ed Hooks, where he analyses twelve different animated films, going through chapter by chapter, describing the expressive and emotive methods used in each scene. Led by these film examples, the techniques discovered through research, can be firmly reinforced. Theoretical Approach for Selecting Data Data will be collected, analysed and displayed from a variety of published secondary sources including: books, articles, web articles, web blogs and conferences. All data and necessary information will be collected for the purpose of research, but will not all be related to the analysis of animation. Acting technique and method will be the main subject source of research, which will provide a broader context to base opinions, ideas and thoughts discovered in secondary literature sources by other people in the industry. Literature sources containing examples of proven practise will be used to further enforce the topic of research. Description of Proposed Practise By an extended discovery and analysis on the subject of character acting in animation, I plan to produce at least six interesting and achievable artefacts that reflect the knowledge gained through this research document, that will provide further understanding about how emotion can allow an audience to empathise with an animated character. The preliminary design practise will include the development of key character poses to emphasise specific emotions directly influenced by an internal thought process. This will then indicate how a character can be developed further into a collection of believable animation sequences. Each artefact plans to contain one of the six basic emotions, as stated by Ed Hooks, happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness (2000, p.36) Characters used will be designed and rigged by a secondary source, which will provide a simple, easy to use marionette for the purpose of animation. Dialogue will not be used, as this may stand as a distraction from the emotions that are aimed to be expressed through body language and facial expressions. These artefacts will provide a clearer understanding of subconscious body movements that are often overlooked. Discussion Character animation can take many forms within the context of animation in both the traditional sense as well as in modern computer animation. The following principles were developed and named: 1. Squash and Stretch 2. Timing and Motion 3. Anticipation 4. Staging 5. Follow Through and Overlapping 6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose 7. Slow In and Out 8. Arcs 9. Exaggeration 10. Secondary Action 11. AppealPersonality in character animation is the goal of all of the above. (John Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 21:4) Lasseter explains that these specific traditional animation principles and techniques developed in the 1930s by Walt Disney Studios should be incorporated into all animated media especially character animation to develop characters look to make them more realistic and entertaining (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44) Richard Williams explains, The old knowledge applies to any style of approach to the medium no matter what the advances in technology. (2001, p. 20) This shows that successful, believable animation of all types have spawned on the basis and influence of these traditional principles and techniques. Richard Williams also tells us that, in relation to classical and computer animation, Both share the same problems of how to give a performance with movement, weight, timing and empathy. (2001, p. 20) This underlines a key point into the advances of technology in animation, showing that 3D animation software packages only act as a technique of animating and not an easier way to influence believable movement. Lasseter explains, To make a characters personality seem real to an audience, he must be different than the other characters on the screen. A simple way to distinguish the personalities of your characters is through contrast of movement. No two characters would do the same action in the same way. (1994) Creating a unique character, develops its personality. John Kricfalusi (2006) reminisced of how he got drawn in by Chuck Jones cartoons, noticing the unique expressions he drew. Specifically as an example, the way he draws two whites of the eyes joined together, one bigger than the other to form a D-uh expression. We can see that individuality is very important when introducing personality to a character, Chekhov (1953, p.83) explains on the subject of characterisation, that particular features indigenous to a character; like a typical movement, manner of speech, recurrent habit, odd way of walking and so on, expresses the finishing touches to a character. Characters become more alive and more human with this small feature. Hooks (2000, p.36) explains, When we speak of creating the illusion of life in animation, it boils down not to mannerisms and naturalistic movement, but to emotion. Hooks continues to state that theoretically speaking, emotion is the essential element of acting as the point of empathy for the audience. Hooks, Empathy is as essential to dynamic acting as oxygen is to water. (2000, p.9) Characters of all descriptions, in an attempt to make them believable to an audience, need to have a particular personality. The audience needs to be directly affected by a characters on-screen emotion, to really feel a sense of empathy. Without, the audience will lose interest easily and the objectives within the storyline can diminish. Hooks (2000, p.41), reflects on Charlie Chaplin as one of the most influential comedians that used a great deal of empathy in his work to touch the audiences emotions. He explains that his innovation as a performer has had a huge influence on the world of comics and animation. As Chuck Jones has said I admire Chaplin very much because you could see him think, and plan, and you cared for him. (Hooks, 2000, p.40) Chaplins unique relationship with the audience has seen a great influence on character animation from the beginning of Walt Disneys profession. Dick Huemer (Hooks, 2000, p.40), Disney storyman, tells us Walt had an image of Mickey Mouse as a little Chaplin. In order to successfully accomplish empathy within a character, there needs to be elements of individuality to provoke emotions. These can be developed through simple recurring mannerisms that correlate with the characters thoughts and actions. In every respect, the audience needs to be the main influence when deciding a characters actions. Hooks states humans express six basic emotions, happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness (2000, p.36) He also tells us that there is disagreement on whether facial expression is primarily a reflection of the inner emotional state, or if it is simply a social display. Hooks concludes that it could be either, depending on the situation. Emotion can be expressed through both facial expression and body language, although the influence of each method can be different. Williams (2001, p. 324) believes that words should be kept to a bare minimum and as an animator, make everything as clear as possible through pantomime using only the body to tell the story. The movements of the body are thought about a lot more by animators than real actors, as animators have to create it rather than do it, although the physical expressive nature of emotions are identical. Different types of feelings can be expressed easily as Chekhov shows, grasping or catching (greed, avarice, cupidity, miserliness) roughly with palms turned earthward lusts to overpower, to possess. (1953, p.67) Equally, Chekhov (1953, p.73) explains here that in order to build up your characters expressive nature, hands and arms should act first for example; hands up near the chin expresses unavoidability and loneliness, palms turned outward displays self-defence and slight humour is evoked when bending the three middle fingers of each hand. Hooks agrees, The truth is that our hands and arms are the most expressive parts of our bodies. (2000, p.60) An example to this, Hooks demonstrates, Arms folded across the chest indicate that the person is closed, intractable When you are embarrassed, you tend to shrink in space. (2000, p.62) This reveals that many body language patterns in human figures are emphasised through the movement of hands and arms. Williams (2001, p. 324) explains a method called Twinning where arms and hands are doing the same thing, symmetrically. He teaches that this is used to show authority by preachers, leaders, politicians and so forth. Kevan Shorey agrees that, Symmetry is a good way of adding force to an action to get a point across! (2008) Both animators, believe that twinning should be broken up to avoid an exact mirror image of movements that would produce unbelievable messages to the audience. Jeff Lew (2004) explains that to make twinning animation look more interesting, the perspective of shot needs to be changed so they dont physically look identical at a particular camera angle. Walt Disney in 1930s found that expression is better when the whole body is involved and not only the face, Movement begins in the area of your navel and radiates outwards into your limbs. (Hooks, 2000, p.60) John Kricfalusi (2006) explains that animators have evolved a style that has become more stagy than live action by reading characters emotions through body language and poses. Evidentially, facial expressions arent enough to provoke a meaningful emotion, and that the whole body needs to be articulating through hand gestures and arm movements to compliment facial expressions, to achieve a believable emotion through a character. In an example from Toy Story 2, Hooks notes, She (Jessie) doesnt simply greet Woody enthusiastically, she turns him over and gives him nuggies! She tosses him this way and that. Her emotion is leading her to energetically celebrate. (2005, p.90) This is a specific example of how body language is reflecting emotion successfully. If this same bit of acting was acted on the stage, or in front of a camera with real actors it would have a very different outcome. The emotion may be similar, but another way of emphasising actions used in animation is through exaggeration. Shawn Kelly (2009) informs us that he was taught to exaggerate something more than it should be, then double it. Exaggeration is one of the original animation principles. Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44, 21:4) suggests exaggeration of characters by the animator must be very carefully chosen. If there is too much distortion it could result in an unrealistic look. Looking back much earlier, to 1927, the classic film Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans was released. Without synchronised dialogue, films of this era had to rely on the characters acting and the backing compositions as the two main elements for the story. Sunrise is considered one of the finest films of the silent era, and Janets Gaynors performance is one its greatest virtues Her supple face and soulful eyes convey a range of thoughts and emotions that pages of dialogue could only suggest. (DeFreitas, 2009) Later, DeFreitas (2009) tells us that Sunrise became a winner of the 1929 Best Picture Oscar for Unique and Artistic Production. This film sets as an evidential example of how acting without dialogue can influence and empathise with an audience just as good, if not more so. Often in animation, Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44) explains that the eye can easily pick up when the motion of a character seems to die, which can come across as looking particularly fake and unbelievable. To overcome this loss of motion, Lasseter uses a moving hold which is a technique used that continues the motion of a body part after an action. This breaks up the animation and results in a smoother and more believable sequence. Preston Blair (Hooks, 2001, p.60), states that an actor should never pause without a specific reason, and when a pause occurs, it should be shown for long enough so the audience can register it. These are both techniques that engage the audience into what the character is acting out. Before a movement of any sort can occur, thought processes need to become apparent through the character. Hooks outlines, Thinking tends to lead to conclusions; emotion tends to lead to action. (2000, p.1) Hooks defines a thought process as a method in discovering a conclusion. Lasseter (1994) mentions that every movement of a particular character must exist for a reason, and, ultimately, develop feelings in a character through their thought processes. As an observation, before a human being puts his body into action, a thought process must occur. In animation, this thought process must be shown to the audience to illustrate believability of an action that has just been revealed. To show a thought process in a character, Disney animator/teacher Eric Larson shows a technique, in Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnsons Illusion of Life, The subject gradually lowered his brows into a frown paused and then lifted one brow and glanced to the side, you immediately would sense a change from one thought to another (Richard Williams, 2001, p.320) This action was discovered when the first Mickey Mouse shorts were being created, and stands as a key element into how change of expression can reflect a meaningful thought process. Shawn Kelly (2009) expresses his ideas, explaining that there isnt anything more important than showing a characters thought process and changes which occur within it to provoke emotions and actions. It is down to these thought processes, he concludes, that drives everything we do. Looking at character animation in Toy Story 2, Hooks (2005, p.87) explains how Woodys realisation that Andy has gone to camp without him, leads him to his express sadness (emotion) which then leads him to withdraw to the back shelf, out of sight. He adds that, The more specific the characters thought process, the better the performance. (2005, p.87) Thought process in character animation, as mentioned, is very important for believability. This has been true for many years since the beginning of Disneys Golden Age in animation. Walt Disney said, In most instances, the driving force behind the action is the mood, the personality, the attitude of the character-or all three. Therefore, the mind is the pilot. We think of things before the body does them. (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 21:4) It is widely agreed that thought process is the main building block that needs to be perfected and shown successfully in any animated character. Bill Tytla (Hooks, 2005, p.3), concluded that the pose is a reaction to something. Hooks refers to Aristotle, Aristotle referred to this as a unity of action small actions that lead to a bigger action, or objective. This simple rule lies at the base of all acting theory. An action without a thought is impossible, and action without an objective is just a mechanical thing, moving body parts. (Hooks, 2005, p.4-5) Aristotle finds that the thought process of a character separates a character with life to a robotic, lifeless machine. As mentioned earlier, Eric Larsons technique of showing a thought process in a character is very believable. But more specifically, it has been discovered that the eyes are the most important parts of the character to express and emphasis these thoughts. Williams (2001, p.325) advises on how the eyes are the focal point that people watch in a character. As an example, he notes, When listening on the phone the eyes flicker around in a Staccato fashion reflecting the listeners shifting thoughts in reaction our eyes are rarely still. (2001, p.326) The eyes, the driving force behind a characters actions. Kelly agrees that decisions can be reflected successfully with the eyes, They will very often dart their eyes around a bit as they consider and weigh their options. Its almost as if they are reading an imaginary list of possible choices! (2009) Lasseter (1987), explains that eyes lead before the action, and that the only time they wouldnt lead, would be if there was an external force acting upon the character. He mentions further, that the trick to showing thought process through the eyes of a character is with anticipation. The eyes should move first, followed by the head and then the rest of the body. The eyes of a character are the windows to its thoughts; the characters thoughts are conveyed through the actions of its eyes. (Lasseter, 1987) As well as eye movements, the timing and speed of a characters blinks can also affect the outcome of what is portrayed as a thought process. Kelly (2009), explains that different blinks can offer up our own different perceptions of what the character is thinking. A ton of blinks will feel as though the character is going to cry, is nervous, uncomfortable, shy, or possibly relieved after a big build up; while very little to no blinking will either feel dead, stoned worried, angry, or just very intense. (Kelly, 2009) Kelly teaches that blinks should be there for a reason to further enhance a particular emotion. Before an animator can even start to animate a particular thought process, they need to know about the character to be able to understand what they would be feeling at a certain moment, in an attempt to achieve a believable outcome. The most important foundation of believable character acting starts with finding out about a specific character. Williams states, Got to get inside the character. What does he/she/it want? and even more interesting why does the character want it? (2001, p.20) To develop our understanding of what a character is thinking, and in order to provoke emotion in a character, these questions need to be posed. Ed Hooks also explains to us that, Every character in a scene should be able to answer the question. What am I doing? in a theatrical sense. In other words, what action am I playing in pursuit of what objective? And what is the obstacle/conflict? (2005, p.89) Just like this, in the context of acting for an audience, Michael Chekhov suggests to, Ask yourself what the main desires of the character might be (1953, p.67) This approach sets the scene for any character in order to discover what the characters personality is trying to portray in what they are thinking or doing. Hooks notes, If you want to understand what a character is feeling, it is best to start by asking what the character is thinking and what his value system is. (2000, p.2) To understand how a character must move, the animator needs to discover the atmosphere and influence of the obstacle that the character is being confronted with. Only then can a thought process occur, and a feeling be evoked by a specific situation or conflict. Jeff Lew (2004) , expresses his thoughts on the development of a characters bio before learning how a character will react in any animated scene. This develops further understanding of a characters background that could be significant in influencing the way their emotions are expressed. This evidence shows us that there are a lot of elements contributing to developing a characters emotional state and to make it believable to the audience. To develop his understanding of a character and what they are thinking, Ed Hooks uses a definition coined by Michael Chekhov called a Psychological Gesture, which, Chekhov explains as the psychology of a character containing thoughts, feelings and a human free will which is expressed physically through external feelings, thoughts and desires. Hooks gives the example, Have you ever noticed someone who wrings his hands a lot while hes talking? A Bully punches someone in the chest with his finger. That is a psychological gesture. (2000, p.66) A psychological gesture is an internal thought process, manifesting itself into an external action to express an emotion. Chekhov gives an acting example, The qualities which fill and permeate each muscle of the entire body, will provoke within you feelings of hatred and disgust. (1953, p.64) The above, is very similar to the way animators approach the discovery of a characters psychological gesture by calling up ideas of how thoughts can influence the emotions that are displayed. Conclusion Character animation, in both the traditional and computer medium, rely heavily on the original animation principles that were discovered by Disney Studios. This emphasises how improvements in 3D animated software are used as only as a tool for the creation of animation, and does not rely on the computer to make things look believable by itself. Analysis has shown that acting techniques in animation are almost identical to stage and film acting. It is the exaggeration of body language and the ability to adapt a character in specific detail that sets it apart. It is evident that the emotional state of a character is a direct influence of its thought process. Thought process can be best expressed through body language to enhance an emotion. This research has lead to discover that eye movements are one of the focal points that enhance a characters thought. Emotions need to be manifested into an external, physical body movement, however slight, in order to engage an audience. The conclusion to the discussion has shown that creating empathy as a result of expressing an emotion, is the key element for engaging any audience. A characters believability is successful when an audience can relate to it in some way or another. This can be done by giving a character a personality through mannerisms and specific body language. Bibliography and List of Works CHEKHOV, M., CALLOW, S To The Actor: on the technique of acting, Oxon: Routledge, 2002 DEFREITAS, J MOVING PICTURES: Motion and Emotion in F.W. Murnaus Sunrise, 2009, http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2009-0212/article/32219?headline=MOVING-PICTURES-Motion-and-Emotion-in-F.W.-Murnaus-Sunrise- HOOKS, E., BIRD, B Acting for Animators, Portsmouth: Heinemann 2000 HOOKS, E Acting in Animation: A Look at 12 Films, Portsmouth: Heinemann 2005 KUNDERT- GIBBS, J, Action! Lessons for CG Animators, Oxford: John Wiley Sons, 2009 KRICFALUSI, J Personal Blog, 2006, http://johnkstuff.blogspot.com KELLY, S Animation Mentor Blog, 2009, http://www.animationtipsandtricks.com LASSETER, J Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation, Siggraph, 1987, http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/animation/character_animation/principles/prin_trad_anim.htm

Expository and Classification Paragraph Essay

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